Compare territories · research preview

A first H-D-A-R view across eight cities.

Explore the canonical Pilot 8 panel, inspect each city's evidence and compare Grenoble, Madrid and Helsinki. Period and boundary limits remain visible.

People | Places | Data | A more habitable world

Eight-city H-D-A-R pilot

Habitability · Desirability · Affordability · Resilience

RESEARCH / PROVISIONAL

A first evidence view for Grenoble, Madrid and Helsinki, with five pilot cities as comparators. Observations stay separate; there is no combined score.

No indicator is published as validated.Source and processing records are preserved. Cross-city comparability remains limited by year, boundary and source definitions. Values are exploratory and not commercial-ready.
Eight fixed GISCO FUAs

Pilot cities

Population and density proxy: FUA · 2025. Air and heat: local UA · 2024/2025.

Focus city · FR012F

Grenoble

RESEARCH
Population · 2025698,782people · projected
PM2.5 · 20246.61µg/m³ · local UA
Hot days · 20250.35days ≥35°C · local UA

GHSL density proxy: 10.02 persons per 1,000 m² built surface · FUA.

Eurostat unemployment: 9.59% · 2023 · provisional.

Open city evidence →
Focus city · ES001F

Madrid

RESEARCH
Population · 20257,810,821people · projected
PM2.5 · 20247.81µg/m³ · local UA
Hot days · 202528.02days ≥35°C · local UA

GHSL density proxy: 22.02 persons per 1,000 m² built surface · FUA.

Eurostat unemployment: 9.24% · 2024 · provisional.

Open city evidence →
Focus city · FI001F

Helsinki

RESEARCH
Population · 20251,665,500people · projected
PM2.5 · 20244.55µg/m³ · local UA
Hot days · 20250days ≥35°C · local UA

GHSL density proxy: 14.64 persons per 1,000 m² built surface · FUA.

Eurostat unemployment: 11.28% · 2024 · provisional.

Open city evidence →
Comparator · NL001F

Amsterdam

COMPARATOR
Population · 20252,905,976people · projected
PM2.5 · 20247.71µg/m³ · local UA
Hot days · 20250days ≥35°C · local UA

GHSL density proxy: 13.23 persons per 1,000 m² built surface · FUA.

Eurostat unemployment: 3.87% · 2024 · provisional.

Open city evidence →
Comparator · EL001F

Athens

COMPARATOR
Population · 20253,471,254people · projected
PM2.5 · 202412.92µg/m³ · local UA
Hot days · 202514.95days ≥35°C · local UA

GHSL density proxy: 20.5 persons per 1,000 m² built surface · FUA.

Eurostat unemployment: unavailable for this FUA.

Open city evidence →
Comparator · FR001F

Paris

COMPARATOR
Population · 202513,081,611people · projected
PM2.5 · 20247.16µg/m³ · local UA
Hot days · 20251.02days ≥35°C · local UA

GHSL density proxy: 16.11 persons per 1,000 m² built surface · FUA.

Eurostat unemployment: 11.06% · 2023 · provisional.

Open city evidence →
Comparator · AT001F

Vienna

COMPARATOR
Population · 20253,183,304people · projected
PM2.5 · 20249.48µg/m³ · local UA
Hot days · 20250.61days ≥35°C · local UA

GHSL density proxy: 11.49 persons per 1,000 m² built surface · FUA.

Eurostat unemployment: unavailable for this FUA.

Open city evidence →
Comparator · PL001F

Warsaw

COMPARATOR
Population · 20253,538,738people · projected
PM2.5 · 202412.95µg/m³ · local UA
Hot days · 20250days ≥35°C · local UA

GHSL density proxy: 11.22 persons per 1,000 m² built surface · FUA.

Eurostat unemployment: unavailable for this FUA.

Open city evidence →
Focus comparison

Grenoble · Madrid · Helsinki

Read each dimension on its own scale and geography.

Air pollution and hot days across the eight-city pilot2024 PM2.5 and 2025 modeled hot days on local Urban Atlas geographies. Focus cities are highlighted.0102030051015GrenobleMadridHelsinkiAmsterdamAthensParisViennaWarsawPM2.5 · 2024 (µg/m³)Hot days ≥35°C · 2025
Both measures use local UA geographies; the years differ (2024 vs 2025). Descriptive only: no trend, ranking or causal reading.

Grenoble

Observation. PM2.5 is 6.61 µg/m³ (2024); hot days ≥35°C are 0.35 (2025). The FUA density proxy is 10.02.

Socio-economic record. Unemployment is 9.59% in 2023 (flag d). Living area is 47 m²/person in 2023 (flag e).

Question to test. A matched-geography, matched-period study could test whether these conditions covary. Current data do not establish effects on employment, housing access or resilience.

Full city record →

Madrid

Observation. PM2.5 is 7.81 µg/m³ (2024); hot days ≥35°C are 28.02 (2025). The FUA density proxy is 22.02.

Socio-economic record. Unemployment is 9.24% in 2024 (flag e). Living area per person is unavailable.

Question to test. A matched-geography, matched-period study could test whether these conditions covary. Current data do not establish effects on employment, housing access or resilience.

Full city record →

Helsinki

Observation. PM2.5 is 4.55 µg/m³ (2024); hot days ≥35°C are 0 (2025). The FUA density proxy is 14.64.

Socio-economic record. Unemployment is 11.28% in 2024 (flag b). Living area is 37.2 m²/person in 2024 (flag b).

Question to test. A matched-geography, matched-period study could test whether these conditions covary. Current data do not establish effects on employment, housing access or resilience.

Full city record →
Supported conclusion

Physical measures differ across the pilot, while social indicators are incomplete or flagged. These data support descriptive contrasts and research questions only—not an overall habitability comparison or causal claim.

Comparator signal

Athens has PM2.5 12.92 and 14.95 hot days; Warsaw has PM2.5 12.95 and 0 hot days. The divergent pattern reinforces keeping dimensions separate. H05/H06 use local UA areas; GHSL uses FUA boundaries.

Official candidates · not admitted for comparative use

Socio-economic coverage

No values imputed. A missing Eurostat flag is “not supplied”, not a quality clearance.

Eurostat urb_llma · EC1001I

Labour-market activity rate

3/8 FUAs have at least one received observation.

Unit: %. Values and cell flags are on each city record; all remain ACQUIRED_OFFICIAL_UNVALIDATED.

PROVISIONAL
Eurostat urb_llma · EC1020I

Unemployment rate

5/8 FUAs have at least one received observation.

Unit: % of active population. Values and cell flags are on each city record; all remain ACQUIRED_OFFICIAL_UNVALIDATED.

PROVISIONAL
Eurostat urb_llivcon · SA1022V

Living area per person

4/8 FUAs have at least one received observation.

Unit: m²/person. Values and cell flags are on each city record; all remain ACQUIRED_OFFICIAL_UNVALIDATED.

PROVISIONAL
UNAVAILABLE

Income: no income series is admitted for the eight fixed FUAs. The reviewed OECD table omits Greece, the Netherlands and Poland and has non-matching years and national definitions for covered countries.

Eurostat flags: b = break in series; d = different definition; e = estimate. Coverage and quality prevent comparative use of these candidate series. Activity rate has observations in 3/8 FUAs; unemployment in 5/8; living area in 4/8.

Evidence and provenance

Sources, periods and limits

Reproducibility records are retained in the canonical panel and processing artifacts.

  • GHSL population and built surface. FUA aggregates from GHS-POP and GHS-BUILT-S R2023A; population uses area-fraction allocation (uniform-within-cell assumption), while built surface uses cell-centre inclusion. 2025 is a projection. GHSL is CC BY 4.0 with attribution and change disclosure. GHSL terms and citation guidance · run 38642832913.
  • H05 air pollution. EEA interpolated interim annual mean PM2.5, 2024, µg/m³, local UA geography. The 1 km grid is CC BY 4.0; credit EEA and identify modifications. Exact EEA dataset record and licence.
  • H06 heat exposure. Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information (ERA5-Land), 2005/2015/2025. Dataset · Copernicus attribution licence.
  • Socio-economic candidates. Eurostat City Statistics APIs; observed coverage and quality flags are shown above. Reuse requires attribution and disclosure of modifications. Labour market API · Living conditions API · reuse notice.
Panel status: RESEARCH / PROVISIONAL · no composite score · no ranking · no imputation · not commercial-ready. Third-party data remain subject to provider terms and attribution. Processing run 38645099564 · artifact 11932205731.
Open the existing territory comparator

This tool reads a separate product bundle, with different source vintages and definitions. Its values are not merged into the canonical Pilot 8 panel above; for example, heat observations can differ by method and geography.

Select up to three territories

Same observation year across selected territories; consult each profile for geography and evidence qualifications.

Research preview. Different observation years must not be interpreted as a like-for-like comparison. No ranking, score or asset-level risk inference.

← Explore all pilot territories